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Mutagenesis vol. 19 no. 3 pp. 187-193, May 2004
© 2004 UK Environmental Mutagen Society/Oxford University Press

Genotoxicity of tamoxifen citrate and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster

M.Eugenia Heres-Pulido1, Irma Dueñas-García1, Laura Castañeda-Partida1, Antonio Sánchez-García1, Martha Contreras-Sousa1, Ángel Durán-Díaz1 and Ulrich Graf2,3

1Laboratorio de Genética Toxicológica, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México and 2Institute of Animal Sciences, Section Physiology and Animal Husbandry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland

Tamoxifen (TAM) is an anti-oestrogen used for treatment and prevention of human breast cancer, but it is also related to human endometrial and uterine cancer. The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster was employed to determine the genotoxic effects of TAM and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), a carcinogen that produces adducts similar to TAM–DNA adducts detected in rodent liver and human liver microsomes. As Drosophila spp. have no oestrogen receptor, no effects can result in binding of TAM to a receptor. Chronic treatments with TAM citrate were performed with 3-day-old larvae of the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses of the wing spot test at concentrations of 0.66, 1.66 and 3.33 mM. In addition, the carcinogen 4-NQO was administered at 2.5 and 5.0 mM. Somatic spots on normal wings from marker- heterozygous flies and on serrate wings from balancer- heterozygous flies were scored to determine mutation and recombination events in somatic cells for each compound. The results showed genotoxic effects of TAM at 1.66 and 3.33 mM in the ST cross only and without a clear dose–response effect. This suggests a weak genotoxicity of this anti-oestrogen. The negative results obtained with TAM in the HB cross may indicate efficient detoxification of the compound by the increased xenobiotic metabolism present in this cross. As reported before, 4-NQO showed genotoxic effects in the ST cross with a clear dose–response effect. For the first time, we report enhanced effects of this compound in the HB cross. It is concluded that the genotoxicity of TAM in the Drosophila wing spot test is different from that of 4-NQO.

3To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 1 655 74 40; Fax: +41 1 655 72 01; Email: ulrich.graf{at}inw.agrl.ethz.ch

Received on June 2, 2003; revised on January 30, 2004; accepted on February 5, 2004


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