Mutagenesis Advance Access published online on April 19, 2006
Mutagenesis, doi:10.1093/mutage/gel021
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1 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. We have conducted a randomized trial which investigated the ability of dietary changes (in particular diets rich in cruciferous vegetables and flavonoids), to increase urinary antimutagenicity and inhibit DNA damage in smokers. Ninety heavy smokers were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups, and were given three different diets. The first diet was based on flavonoid-rich foods, particularly cruciferous vegetables, but not based on supplementation; the second was a normal isocaloric diet (with an adequate administration of fruits and vegetables); and the third was based on supplementation of flavonoids in the form of green tea and soy products. DNA adducts were measured by 32P-postlabelling in exfoliated bladder cells at different times since the start of the trial. In spite of randomization, subjects in the control group smoked more than those in the experimental groups, and this can explain the higher adduct levels at baseline. A slight decrease in bulky DNA adducts in exfoliated bladder cells was observed after 1 year since the end in the supplementation group and after 1 month in white blood cells. The only statistically significant association was found in a regression model that adjusted for smoking, in which the increase in flavonoid intake was associated with a decrease in adducts after 1 year (P = 0.02). These data suggest that adherence to a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables and flavonoids might reduce genotoxicity in the human urinary bladder of smokers, but they should be interpreted with caution owing to small numbers and the uneven distribution of smoking habits in the experimental groups. Smoking is the most important single preventable cause of cancer; at the present stage of knowledge it is totally unlikely that certain dietary habits can seriously counteract the effects of tobacco smoking.
Received December 15, 2005
Revised February 27, 2006
Accepted March 22, 2006
Original article
Randomized controlled trial: effects of diet on DNA damage in heavy smokers
Glenn Talaska 1,
Mustafa Al-Zoughool 1,
Christian Malaveille 2,
Laura Fiorini 3,
Brenda Schumann 1,
Jay Vietas 1,
Marco Peluso 3,
Armelle Munnia 3,
Monica Bianchini 4,
Giovanni Allegro 5,
Giuseppe Matullo 6,
Carlotta Sacerdote 4,
and
Paolo Vineis 7 *
2 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
3 Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany Region, Florence, Italy
4 Centre for Cancer Prevention (CPO Piemonte) and University of Torino, Torino, Italy
5 Association Le Cinque Stagioni, 10018 Ivrea, Italy
6 ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy
7 ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Paolo Vineis, E-mail: p.vineis{at}imperial.ac.uk
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